Mass Media and Violent Behavior among Adolescents Essay

Violent scenes have become extremely commonplace among different forms of mass media that is available to the public. However, the rise of many heinous crimes committed by individuals who have been reported to patronize different mass media which contain excessive violence have made many behavioral psychologists and other researchers to see if there is a direct relationship between the extensive exposure of violence in different types of mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents. This paper aims to provide relevant information that while there is a direct relationship between the exposure of violent scenes in mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents, there are a number of other factors which need to be present in order for exposure to violent scenes in mass media to cause an adolescent to exemplify violent behavioral patterns. The paper would present a brief overview of the growth of popularity of violent scenes in different types of mass media. It would then provide factual incidences which have caused behavioral psychologists and other researchers to search for the relationship of increased exposure to violence in mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents as well as the different factors that an adolescent must already possess in order for such a direct relationship to occur. Violence as Entertainment Since the ancient times, violence has proven to be a popular form of entertainment in almost every culture in the world. These violent forms of entertainment range from viewing animals engaging in combat with each other, to various forms of entertainment where two individuals would need to physically compete and defeat the other in order to be claimed as the winner. Over the centuries, violence has remained a popular form of entertainment to the masses. It is presently used in computer video games, movies and television (Felson 1996). Crimes Linked to Violent Forms of Mass Media Recently, there has been a rise of a number of various heinous crimes committed by various individuals who have been noted to have become frequently exposed to various kinds of mass media which have been known to contain excessively graphic violent scenes. In 1993, two 11-year old boys where charged for the murder of a two-year old toddler named James Bulger by beating the young toddler to death along a railway track. This resulted to a number of various journalists to speculate that the violent nature of the crime and the violent behavior inert of these young boys were a result of them watching Child’s Play III, a horror film which was released during this time (Holland 2001). Perhaps the most popular case where behavioral psychologists and other researchers have theorized that violent scenes from different types of mass media leads to violent behavior, especially among adolescents, was on April 20, 1999. On this day, two teenagers who have been known to be fans of various violent video games and films which have been eventually discovered in the rooms of the two teenagers who had committed the crime before killing themselves with self-inflicted gunshots (Roy 2002). This was led to a number of research studies to be conducted in relation to the influence of violent scenes found in different forms of mass media and the development of violent behavior, particularly among the youth. The results of these research studies were then published in numerous peer-viewed journals and newspapers in order to make the public aware of the direct relationship between heavy exposures to violent scenes found in different forms of media have caused many adolescent to exemplify and exhibit violent forms of behavior towards each other (Gauntlett 2001). Contention to the Study Over the past few years, many research studies have been published which actually contend the belief that extreme exposure of violent scenes in different forms of mass media to have a direct influence to the development of violent behavior among adolescents. While these research studies do not disregard exposure to violent scenes in mass media can induce the development of violent behavior among adolescents, research studies have stipulated that there are other factors that contribute to this. One is the exposure of the adolescents to other acts of violence that have not been viewed through mass media. An adolescent, according to these research studies, can also develop violent acts of behavior by being exposed to various acts of violence that occur within the community the adolescent belongs. Among these are exposure to domestic violence and gang violence, which commonly occur within communities which have a low income socio-economic status (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003). Another is the presence of psychological distress. Adolescents who have been diagnosed or exhibit symptoms of anxiety and depression brought about by acts of alienation and other forms of victimization brought about by their peers and other individuals would also induce violent behavior to be exhibited by these adolescents. This was the case of the two Columbine High School shooters who have been subjected to alienation and acts of bullying from their fellow classmates (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003; Roy 2002). Conclusion Aggression and other forms of violent behavior may be triggered by violent scenes found in different types of mass media adolescents are able to access today. However, it has been determined that an adolescent must possess other characteristics and traits for violent scenes from mass-media to trigger violence among adolescents. Some of these include and adolescent’s exposure to acts of violence at home or within his or her community as well as oppressive acts towards these adolescents by their peers. It is for this reason that researchers and medical professionals are now able to explain why exposure to violent scenes in mass media does not affect all adolescents in terms of triggering violence. References Felson, R. B. (1996). Mass media effects on violent behavior. Annual review of sociology, 22, 103-28. Gauntlett, D. (2001). The worrying influence of ‘media effects’ studies. In M. Barker (Ed. ), Ill effects: the media/violence debate (pp. 47-62). New York: Routledge. Holland, P. (2001). Living for libido; or ‘child’s play IV’: the imagery of childhood and the call for censorship. In M. Barker (Ed. ), Ill effects: the media/violence debate (pp. 78- 86). New York: Routledge. Jipguep, M. C. & Sanders-Phillips, K. (2003). The context of violence for children of color: violence in the community and in the media. The journal of Negro education, 72(4), 379-95. Roy, J. M. (2002). Love to hate: America’s obsession with hatred and violence. New York: Columbia University Press.

Music Analysis

A motion picture would not appeal to its viewers without the orchestrated sounds within the background that Intently helps draw out the emotions from the audience from watching the movie. Many great movie soundtracks can be overshadowed by the performance of a great actor or even just the motion picture itself. Hardly anyone misses out on giving credit to a great movie or performer but many people do not realize that a great movie and performer is nothing without the soundtracks behind their performances.The reason why the soundtracks to great movies are so important to the film Is because the music that Is played within the movie has the ability to affect the movie In many ways. For example, the sound of an Instrument can emphasize a certain emotion a character is feeling within a specific scene as it is played in the background. In 1998, John Williams orchestrated a soundtrack for the well-known film; â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† that showcased his masterpiece, â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† within the background of a heartfelt scene of a veteran solider visiting his old friends at a cemetery.The musical style In â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† Is specified to the particular time of the WI era which essentially puts an emphasis on the sad emotions caused by the tragic number of fallen soldiers of that era. In 1997, James Hornier also constructed the masterpiece, â€Å"Rose† showcased in the great love film, â€Å"Titanic. † This specific track also functions in the background and carries a musical style set to a historical era within the early sass's, but as opposed to â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† that relates to war, â€Å"Rose† is showcased within a romantic scene that helps he audience feel the emotion of love.The great sound tracks for both movies are responsible for helping the success of each film as they both help generate emotions in each scene. In Williams â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen,† sounds of the violin and orc hestra possess a depressing and sad tone which matches perfectly with emotions that the old man in the scene is feeling as he is visiting his old friends who died in the war. The violins mixed with the sounds of the orchestra carry a slow tempo and is played in the background while the man cries on his friends tomb In reminiscing on times e shared with his old friends.The violin helps portray how the man Is feeling Inside and helps emphasize the depressing feelings that the man Is feeling. Throughout the movie, the violin is also used within the background of sad scenes which shows that the music is associated with the Idea of death and depressing related subjects. The fact that the sounds of the violin and orchestra associate with the idea of death gives the ability to the audience to predict when there is going to be a death or sad scene.It also gives the film the power to tune a specific scene to a deeper level of sad emotions that the film maker Is trying to draw from the audien ce. The war based movie is a greatly praised movie because of the emotions it generates when people watch it. Much of the emotions that are generated from the movie feed off of the violin and other orchestra sounds. Almost a decade later and â€Å"Titanic† is still known to be one of Hollywood greatest love story movies of all time and much of the credit belongs to the soundtrack orchestrated by James Hornier.Hornet's masterpiece era of the early sass's. The track â€Å"Rose,† is played in the background in the regulative most popular scene in the movie Titanic. The scene is a very romantic scene where the main characters, Jack and Rose pretend they are flying as they hold each other's hands on the ledge of the front part of the ship. The sounds of the piano and flute that are played in the song help the audience see that the two main characters are falling in love.Along with the piano and flute, a clarinet and other strings can also be eared that add a deeper emotion and make the scene more affectionate. The sounds of the piano and flute are so constructed to be in tune with each other that the track â€Å"Rose† not only sounds amazing, but it is often referred to as the theme song of the Titanic. Although the films â€Å"Saving private Ryan,† and â€Å"Titanic,† are different, the two films along with the soundtracks are top of the line quality. The sound tracks to the movies help the movies become interesting and very engaging.Music enhances ivies' content and although it was somewhat difficult to focus on the music in the background of these movies due to the highly entertaining content in the movies, the music also kept me interested. I found this experience of watching a movie and listening to background music very enjoyable to do due to the fact that most topics that I write essays on, do not involve me actually doing something enjoyable. The experience was greatly enjoyable and so was writing this paper on two topics that I love, movies and music. Music Analysis A motion picture would not appeal to its viewers without the orchestrated sounds within the background that Intently helps draw out the emotions from the audience from watching the movie. Many great movie soundtracks can be overshadowed by the performance of a great actor or even just the motion picture itself. Hardly anyone misses out on giving credit to a great movie or performer but many people do not realize that a great movie and performer is nothing without the soundtracks behind their performances.The reason why the soundtracks to great movies are so important to the film Is because the music that Is played within the movie has the ability to affect the movie In many ways. For example, the sound of an Instrument can emphasize a certain emotion a character is feeling within a specific scene as it is played in the background. In 1998, John Williams orchestrated a soundtrack for the well-known film; â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† that showcased his masterpiece, â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† within the background of a heartfelt scene of a veteran solider visiting his old friends at a cemetery.The musical style In â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† Is specified to the particular time of the WI era which essentially puts an emphasis on the sad emotions caused by the tragic number of fallen soldiers of that era. In 1997, James Hornier also constructed the masterpiece, â€Å"Rose† showcased in the great love film, â€Å"Titanic. † This specific track also functions in the background and carries a musical style set to a historical era within the early sass's, but as opposed to â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† that relates to war, â€Å"Rose† is showcased within a romantic scene that helps he audience feel the emotion of love.The great sound tracks for both movies are responsible for helping the success of each film as they both help generate emotions in each scene. In Williams â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen,† sounds of the violin and orc hestra possess a depressing and sad tone which matches perfectly with emotions that the old man in the scene is feeling as he is visiting his old friends who died in the war. The violins mixed with the sounds of the orchestra carry a slow tempo and is played in the background while the man cries on his friends tomb In reminiscing on times e shared with his old friends.The violin helps portray how the man Is feeling Inside and helps emphasize the depressing feelings that the man Is feeling. Throughout the movie, the violin is also used within the background of sad scenes which shows that the music is associated with the Idea of death and depressing related subjects. The fact that the sounds of the violin and orchestra associate with the idea of death gives the ability to the audience to predict when there is going to be a death or sad scene.It also gives the film the power to tune a specific scene to a deeper level of sad emotions that the film maker Is trying to draw from the audien ce. The war based movie is a greatly praised movie because of the emotions it generates when people watch it. Much of the emotions that are generated from the movie feed off of the violin and other orchestra sounds. Almost a decade later and â€Å"Titanic† is still known to be one of Hollywood greatest love story movies of all time and much of the credit belongs to the soundtrack orchestrated by James Hornier.Hornet's masterpiece era of the early sass's. The track â€Å"Rose,† is played in the background in the regulative most popular scene in the movie Titanic. The scene is a very romantic scene where the main characters, Jack and Rose pretend they are flying as they hold each other's hands on the ledge of the front part of the ship. The sounds of the piano and flute that are played in the song help the audience see that the two main characters are falling in love.Along with the piano and flute, a clarinet and other strings can also be eared that add a deeper emotion and make the scene more affectionate. The sounds of the piano and flute are so constructed to be in tune with each other that the track â€Å"Rose† not only sounds amazing, but it is often referred to as the theme song of the Titanic. Although the films â€Å"Saving private Ryan,† and â€Å"Titanic,† are different, the two films along with the soundtracks are top of the line quality. The sound tracks to the movies help the movies become interesting and very engaging.Music enhances ivies' content and although it was somewhat difficult to focus on the music in the background of these movies due to the highly entertaining content in the movies, the music also kept me interested. I found this experience of watching a movie and listening to background music very enjoyable to do due to the fact that most topics that I write essays on, do not involve me actually doing something enjoyable. The experience was greatly enjoyable and so was writing this paper on two topics that I love, movies and music. Music Analysis A motion picture would not appeal to its viewers without the orchestrated sounds within the background that Intently helps draw out the emotions from the audience from watching the movie. Many great movie soundtracks can be overshadowed by the performance of a great actor or even just the motion picture itself. Hardly anyone misses out on giving credit to a great movie or performer but many people do not realize that a great movie and performer is nothing without the soundtracks behind their performances.The reason why the soundtracks to great movies are so important to the film Is because the music that Is played within the movie has the ability to affect the movie In many ways. For example, the sound of an Instrument can emphasize a certain emotion a character is feeling within a specific scene as it is played in the background. In 1998, John Williams orchestrated a soundtrack for the well-known film; â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† that showcased his masterpiece, â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† within the background of a heartfelt scene of a veteran solider visiting his old friends at a cemetery.The musical style In â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† Is specified to the particular time of the WI era which essentially puts an emphasis on the sad emotions caused by the tragic number of fallen soldiers of that era. In 1997, James Hornier also constructed the masterpiece, â€Å"Rose† showcased in the great love film, â€Å"Titanic. † This specific track also functions in the background and carries a musical style set to a historical era within the early sass's, but as opposed to â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen† that relates to war, â€Å"Rose† is showcased within a romantic scene that helps he audience feel the emotion of love.The great sound tracks for both movies are responsible for helping the success of each film as they both help generate emotions in each scene. In Williams â€Å"Hymn to the Fallen,† sounds of the violin and orc hestra possess a depressing and sad tone which matches perfectly with emotions that the old man in the scene is feeling as he is visiting his old friends who died in the war. The violins mixed with the sounds of the orchestra carry a slow tempo and is played in the background while the man cries on his friends tomb In reminiscing on times e shared with his old friends.The violin helps portray how the man Is feeling Inside and helps emphasize the depressing feelings that the man Is feeling. Throughout the movie, the violin is also used within the background of sad scenes which shows that the music is associated with the Idea of death and depressing related subjects. The fact that the sounds of the violin and orchestra associate with the idea of death gives the ability to the audience to predict when there is going to be a death or sad scene.It also gives the film the power to tune a specific scene to a deeper level of sad emotions that the film maker Is trying to draw from the audien ce. The war based movie is a greatly praised movie because of the emotions it generates when people watch it. Much of the emotions that are generated from the movie feed off of the violin and other orchestra sounds. Almost a decade later and â€Å"Titanic† is still known to be one of Hollywood greatest love story movies of all time and much of the credit belongs to the soundtrack orchestrated by James Hornier.Hornet's masterpiece era of the early sass's. The track â€Å"Rose,† is played in the background in the regulative most popular scene in the movie Titanic. The scene is a very romantic scene where the main characters, Jack and Rose pretend they are flying as they hold each other's hands on the ledge of the front part of the ship. The sounds of the piano and flute that are played in the song help the audience see that the two main characters are falling in love.Along with the piano and flute, a clarinet and other strings can also be eared that add a deeper emotion and make the scene more affectionate. The sounds of the piano and flute are so constructed to be in tune with each other that the track â€Å"Rose† not only sounds amazing, but it is often referred to as the theme song of the Titanic. Although the films â€Å"Saving private Ryan,† and â€Å"Titanic,† are different, the two films along with the soundtracks are top of the line quality. The sound tracks to the movies help the movies become interesting and very engaging.Music enhances ivies' content and although it was somewhat difficult to focus on the music in the background of these movies due to the highly entertaining content in the movies, the music also kept me interested. I found this experience of watching a movie and listening to background music very enjoyable to do due to the fact that most topics that I write essays on, do not involve me actually doing something enjoyable. The experience was greatly enjoyable and so was writing this paper on two topics that I love, movies and music.

My Experience as a Writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Experience as a Writer - Essay Example I do not know much about writing. Bringing out thoughts through writing is never as easy as speaking ideas freely. What you say may be of the same content as to what you will write but making it come through professional write-ups takes practice and sufficient training. And, I took the opportunity and gave all of my best ability to grow as a writer. Learning the skills and equip a person to become a writer requires patients because you have to learn the basic processes in writing. While writing involves processes, this means that there are certain techniques that a writer can apply to do the writing approach. Actually, there are no specific or general processes that I follow. I write freely, yet considering the format and use of grammar of course. I know that professional writers do not write without effort and getting perfect output from their first draft. Revisions are always welcome with the drafts. After learning the processes in writing, we also come to know about different styles of essay writing. What I personally like to write are autobiographical essays. This is a writing style which the life of an individual is narrated in the essay. It is always based on the writer's memory about the details of what to write and no pressure to do much research. On the other hand, I find a concept essay to be difficult for a writer to write because it requires extensive research.

Compare and Contrast three separate and distinct linux vendors of Essay

Compare and Contrast three separate and distinct linux vendors of workstation and server - Essay Example The cost of availability and after-sales support of the three vendors will also be analyzed. Most importantly, any hidden charges or licensing fees as required for subscription of Microsoft applications will also be reviewed. Finally, a recommendation in choosing Linux and the reasons behind preferring Linux over Microsoft will also be provided. Moreover, the feasibility in using Linux workstation and servers will be analyzed which will provide the key benefits that can be experienced by the enterprises. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 3 Introduction 4 Thesis Statement 5 Red Hat Enterprise Workstation 5 Red Hat Enterprise Server 9 SUSE Linux Enterprise Workstation 11 SUSE Enterprise Server 15 Oracle Linux Workstation/Server 18 Conclusion 21 References 22 25 Introduction Organizations around the world are looking for better alternatives to Microsoft due to the introduction of one of the most controversial licensing agreements in May, 2001. The licensing progr am was introduced to promote the rights and to ensure maintenance of software which was named Software Assurance (SA). The experience Microsoft had after the development of this licensing program made them stall the releases of other licensing programs subsequently. The variance nature of modern day industries did not accept the new program thereby, making the company to modify the program (BetaNews Inc, 2012). Business organizations typically are different from consumers which brought software without signing any contract. However, organizations required to enter into a multi-year volume licensing contracts. Prior to the release of this agreement, existing customers were provided a discount while upgrading their software based on their contract. However, new customers had to pay full price for the software intended to buy. With the introduction of SA, the customers had to pay Microsoft 29% of the full license price each year for upgrading desktop software and 25% for server softwar e. Furthermore, customers were required to buy the upgrade rights at the same time while purchasing the new software, before they actually needed it (BetaNews Inc, 2012). Thus, business organizations were facing lots of hardships with the new licensing agreement and therefore, started looking for better alternatives. In this regards, Linux is one of the most preferred options due to certain advantages possessed over Microsoft. For instance, Linux is an open source and free software which provided customers the opportunity to develop the visualization mechanisms to enhance the performances. Furthermore, Microsoft consumers who did not posses volume licensing agreement were not allowed to install software in virtual machines running on the same organizations. However, with Linux, users can deploy purchased software to multiple machines with no additional cost (Gabriel Consulting Group Inc, 2009). Thesis Statement The study will provide a contrasting analysis of Linux vendors, namely, Red Hat, SUSE and Oracle software on the basis of reliability, performance, application, support and training, availability and cost of ownership. Moreover, the study will define the best distribution of workstation and server of Linux among its vendors. Red Hat Enterprise Workstation Reliability Red Hat Enterprise assures users to provide the best in class applications

The essay talk about the church York Minster, in York, that was build

The talk about the church York Minster, in York, that was build in late middle ages - Essay Example The church’s arch rise heavenward, and the walls, entrances, columns and doors are carved with biblical figures and scenes. Hundreds of smaller churches were constructed using this style, and this popularized the Gothic style of architecture (Scholastic.com). Gothic style was heavily borrowed from an earlier style known as Romanesque. Romanesque architecture had preserved the architectural style of Roman times. The Roman style was slowly changed to meet the needs of the Christian religion, hence, giving rise to the Romanesque architecture. The word Gothic was taken from the Goths, the people who invaded the Roman Empire. The locals perceived the exterior with the entire buttress as unpleasant to look at and claimed that it portrayed the Goths. The Gothic style has three architectural features; the pointed arch, ribbed vault and the flying buttress. The pointed arch is the feature that separates Gothic buildings from the Roman style and Romanesque architecture. In the older Gothic styles, the arch was a rounded figure. The Goth architects did not invent the pointed arch; they borrowed this feature from the Muslim architects of Asia, Southern Europe, and Africa (Scholastic.com). The pointed arch was used after Jerusalem was captured from the Muslims in the first crusade period of 1099. Many crusaders saw the Muslim works of art, and they imitated this style. The European architects used the arch in a different way than the Muslims. The pointed arches presented greater flexibility in interior design. The arches could extend upwards to greater heights allowing a larger distance between the piers and the columns beneath. At the top of the piers, there existed arches that crossed the ceiling and were locked together by a boss stone. These ceilings were known as vaulted or ribbed vaulting. The main plan of the church was separated into bays; each corner had a pillar and from one corner to the other, round arches were built. These round arches

The Dhammapada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Dhammapada - Essay Example He was born in the sixth century of a ruling family in the Himalayan foothills and named Siddhartha. He was brought up in royalty where he was trained to become an heir of the kingdom after his father. These trainings brought a lot of suffering to his life resulting to his escape from pleasures and royal privileges. Siddhartha was not pleased with the continued practice to become a ruler. For this reason, he escaped his royal home spending many days in the forest. His escape was based on a mission to find different ways of acquiring deliverance from all suffering (Batchelor, 21). The Buddha had three main aims in his teachings, which included current human affairs and their welfare, favorable rebirth in the subsequent life, and attainment of ultimate high quality. The last one is divided into two parts, which include establishing happiness and morality does not exhaust its significance in human felicity. These aims show different ways in which man can leave in peace with himself and his fellow men. According to the Buddha teachings, the mind plays an important role in the enhancement of wisdom in the mind. If the mind is not steadfast, wisdom never becomes perfect for all those who are not I favor of good teaching and strong faith. Dhamma offers directions elucidating the factual character of way of life and showing the path that leads to liberation (Palihawadana, 44). The Buddha used different methods and instructions to illustrate different ways to pain freedom. Kamma is a volitional action springing from intention and may manifest itself as speech, deeds, thoughts, desires, and emotions. It helped the people in memorizing the teachings by the Buddha. This is because the willed proceedings a human being performs in the path of his existence may perhaps become forgotten, but once performed they leave memories in the mind. These memories are seeds that are capable of fruition in the future on receiving conditions of ripening. This is in relation with the

Electronic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electronic Marketing - Essay Example It would elaborate over how the advancements in technology and the advent of internet has assisted organisations in creating and improving customer value with the use of personalization and mass customization. Moreover, it would discuss the ethical and legal constraints associated with the use of internet. DISCUSSION The internet can be formally described as an interconnected network comprised of several networks and millions of computers that aim to link together businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals. There is no single organization controls the internet or how it functions, nor is it owned by any individual, yet it has provided the infrastructure for the transfer in commerce, scientific research and culture. The advent of internet has brought forward a plethora of opportunities and openings for businesses to take advantage of in order to better serve the customers. (Laudon & Traver, 2007) Marketing is basically the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying the requirements of customers profitably with the help of the 4 Ps of the marketing mix, namely, product, price, promotion and place. (Baker, 2001) When internet and related technologies are used to communicate with the audience and the customers this becomes the process of electronic marketing. As the competition over the internet is increasing, there is more stress over providing the maximum value to the online customer. Customer value can be generated through providing them with a favourable experience. This experience can be enriched through the paradigms of internet accessibility, the depth and interactivity of the contents, faster access, convenience, speed of transactions and overall, a pleasant experience. All mass marketing comes down to offering customers with value for money. (Jones & George, 2007) Internet enables companies to produce customized products while maintaining a low unit cost for the products. Mass customization i s a new phenomenon that is taking over the business strategic environment. It can be defined as the enablement of a company to provided products that are tailored to the specific needs and demands of a group or individual bearing similar interest. The internet has increased the implementation of mass customization by companies. The youth of today are habituated to personalizing their experiences, be it the internet or their mobile phones. Customization is taking place over everything and anything, from toys to games to clothing. This generation is accustomed to personalization and customization from their brands and this is why more and more companies are going towards this phenomenon. The demands of the consumers are now less similar. They are unique and different from others making them less predictable for the companies. Mass customization allows companies to cater to specialized requests over a large scale. With the advent of globalization and the advancements in information tec hnology, companies are faced with greater competition from all around the globe. Every company is aiming to gain a presence over the internet which would make them ubiquitous and interactive. The Internet makes it possible, for companies large and small, to offer standardized and customized products and services compatibly, or to merely offer the latter. (Baylis et al, 2007) With the help of personalization, companies can target their marketing messages to individuals by

Module 4,5,& 7 Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module 4,5,& 7 Strategic Management - Essay Example Expanding abroad is one strategy entertainment / gaming major players resort to in order to make up for slowing returns inside and to avoid prolonged licensing procedures. Further, given heavy investments in real estate developments, a typical entertainment industry strategy for growth (Ross, Keeffe, & Middlebrook, 2006), market expansion based on property development is both an opportunity during booms and a threat during recessions and economic down turns (Stein, 2009). Given no public mission statement exists for Mandalay Resort Group, Mandalay's vision should build upon company's founders' conception of fun, play, and entertainment. Future actions by Mandalay should center on insights possibly translated into following set of goals and objectives: 1. Expanding on concept of "entertainment" such as to, on one hand, approach "gaming" players (e.g. Nintendo) whose main target (teens, young adults, and family) borders on Mandalay's (e.g. themed parks, play areas, and "low roller" clients) and to move away from wrong-doing characterization associated with gaming and gambling industry upon entering markets (e.g. Middle East) whose local cultures regard gaming - and enjoyment of it - as sinful, on another. 2. Considering mergers and acquisitions as facts of a changing industry in which survival can by no means be sustained by older ways of tit-a-tat competition in an infinitely expanding market. 3. Investing wise in real estate developments especially in local market (i.e. U.S.) in which gains achieved during booms cannot be guaranteed at sustainable levels during recessions and downturns - let alone negative public image impressions of a luxurious facility / development, working great as fun and entertainment destinations during booms, but questioned as extravagancies and spoils during hard times. STRATEGIC PLAN FOR MANDALAY RESORT GROUP 5 References Ross III, K. J., Keeffe, M., & Middlebrook, B. (2006) . Mandalay Resort Group. In David, R. F. (Ed.), Strategic management: concepts and cases (10th ed.) (pp. 124-133). China: Pearson. Stein, J. (2009, Aug. 31). Less vegas. Time, 174, 26-33. STRATEGIC PLAN FOR HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC. 1 Strategic Plan for Harley-Davidson, Inc. [Insert Your First and Last Names] [Insert Name of University] STRATEGIC PLAN FOR HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC. 2 Abstract This paper develops a 3-year strategic plan for Harley-Davidson, Inc. as of 2004. STRATEGIC PLAN FOR HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC. 3 Strategic Plan for Harley-Davidson, Inc. Domestically, "Harley-Davidson" echoes quite favourably not only amongst motorcycles owners and fans but also among brand-aware consumers. Clearly, one major asset of Davidson, Inc. is Harley-Davidson

Platos The Allegory of the Cave Essay Example for Free

Platos The Allegory of the Cave Essay Even in this abridged version, Platos fable The Allegory of the Cave reflects the vast wisdom of Plato, his teacher and the philosophers of his time. The storys meaning and lessons are as significant today as they were then, and its inclusion in The Republic is well earned. The intentions of Plato in sharing this story seem to be fairly simple. As with all of the works that he included in The Republic, he is attempting to convey a message that relates to government and leadership. I also believe that this story conveys a message to, not just leaders, but people in general. The message that is expressed by this work is that, A lie told often enough becomes the truth.(-Lenin), and when someone is convinced of this lie, the liar can control them. This fable also tells us how, what some people believe to be true may be in fact the exact opposite to truth, and that people must always be open minded, just in case their beliefs are wrong. In the story, the prisoners are convinced that the shadows they see are alive, real and able to speak to them. In fact, however, they are being lied to by puppeteers. Because they have seen this lie so many times, and because it is all that they have seen, for them, it has become the truth. As such, the puppeteers are able to control their lives, by speaking to these prisoners as the shadows. This lesson becomes quite relevant to todays society. It is portrayed in works such as The Matrix and Animal Farm, where the characters are lied to, but because they hear the lie so often, they perceive it as truth. In reality, we find this message to also be evident in the forms of such things as propaganda, in which a message is repeated by so many times, that each person hears a relay from numerous sources. Eventually, because of the numerous sources and repetition of the message, it seems to them to become normal to hear and hence believable. This of course relates to our leaders and government. If such administrations were to use methods like propaganda to convince the public that, for example, the stock market was free trade when in fact it was government controlled, then the government would be able to effectively control the flow of money, and hence peoples lives, without anyone being the wiser. In the end, the ultimate message is that people are able to use lies to exploit others and so we must all be wary. This then relates to the second message conveyed by the work. The piece tells us that the prisoners have extreme difficulty in accepting the reality that the shadows they had seen werent real and how these prisoners would rather return to the shadows over staying in the light. At the end of the story, when a prisoner who has seen the truth returns to tell others, it is implied and can be seen from the reactions of the freed prisoners, that those who still believe in the shadows would prefer to keep doing so. These parts of the story bring to mind two intertwined messages. The first is that, in general, all people have their own views and beliefs on life, and they are happier living under whatever delusions they have convinced themselves of, rather than considering contradictory beliefs. Essentially, for most people ignorance is bliss. Just like the prisoners who are freed from the cave and forced to see the real world, people fear the knowledge of something that might interfere or contradict the beliefs they rely upon. For the most part, they would much rather go on not knowing, and turn from the light and long to return to the shadows. The second seems to be a warning to do the exact opposite of what has been stated above. The fact that the characters in the story, whose views are wrong, are prisoners is very symbolic. Not only are these people prisoners of the puppeteers, they are also prisoners of their own beliefs. Because they do not want to find out about what is real, they are condemned to believe in what is not. The piece warns us that we must not blindly follow our own beliefs, without continually viewing and considering other views that may be true as well. If we do not always consider the ideas of others, we will essentially be trapped by our own adamant conviction in what we think is real. This lesson has become evident in countless cases throughout history, where beliefs about a geocentric universe, a flat earth, etc. were all held to e true and the introduction of the ideas we hold as true today was ridiculed and deemed ludicrous. Today, we believe that the galaxy is heliocentric and that the world is round, but we must always, at some point, question that which believe in. Through this simple story, we are able to see a seldom-realized aspect of human nature, in that many of us blindly follow what we are told, and consequently believe. We can relate deeply to the fable, because, like the prisoners, we as a whole prefer to not know some truths, believe some lies, and have difficulty accepting some realities. By the end of the work, we are left with new thoughts about the reality of our beliefs and faith and are encouraged to re-evaluate our paradigms.

Master of Business Administration Essay Example for Free

Master of Business Administration Essay Pricing policy refers to the policy of setting the price of the product or products and services by the management after taking into account of various internal and external factors, forces and its own business objectives. Pricing Policy basically depends on price theory that is the corner stone of economic theory. Pricing is considered as one of the basic and central problems of economic theory in a modern economy. Fixing prices are the most important aspect of managerial decision making because market price charged by the company affects the present and future production plans, pattern of distribution, nature of marketing etc. Generally speaking, in economic theory, we take into account of only two parties, i. e. , buyers and sellers while fixing the prices. However, in practice many parties are associated with pricing of a product. They are rival competitors, potential rivals, middlemen, wholesalers, retailers, commission agents and above all the Govt. Hence, we should give due consideration to the influence exerted by these parties in the process of price determination. Broadly speaking, the various factors and forces that affect the price are divided into two categories. They are as follows: I External Factors (Outside factors) 1. Demand, supply and their determinants. 2. Elasticity of demand and supply. 3. Degree of competition in the market. 4. Size of the market. 5. Good will, name, fame and reputation of a firm in the market. 6. Trends in the market. 7. Purchasing power of the buyers. 8. Bargaining power of customers 9. Buyers behavior in respect of particular product II. Internal Factors (Inside Factors) 1. Objectives of the firm. 2. Production Costs. 3. Quality of the product and its characteristics. 4. Scale of production. 5. Efficient management of resources. 6. Policy towards percentage of profits and dividend distribution. 7. Advertising and sales promotion policies. 8. Wage policy and sales turn over policy etc. 9. The stages of the product on the product life cycle. 10. Use pattern of the product. Objectives of the Price Policy: A firm has multiple objectives today. In spite of several objectives, the ultimate aim of every business concern is to maximize its profits. This is possible when the returns exceed costs. In this context, setting an ideal price for a product assumes greater importance. Pricing objectives has to be established by top management to ensure not only that the company’s profitability is adequate but also that pricing is complementary to the total strategy of the organization. While formulating the pricing policy, a firm has to consider various economic, social, political and other factors. The Following objectives are to be considered while fixing the prices of the product. 1. Profit maximization in the short term The primary objective of the firm is to maximize its profits. Pricing policy as an instrument to achieve this objective should be formulated in such a way as to maximize the sales revenue and profit. Maximum profit refers to the highest possible of profit. In the short run, a firm not only should be able to recover its total costs, but also should get excess revenue over costs. This will build the morale of the firm and instill the spirit of confidence in its operations. 2. Profit optimization in the long run The traditional profit maximization hypothesis may not prove beneficial in the long run. With the sole motive of profit making a firm may resort to several kinds of unethical practices like charging exorbitant prices, follow Monopoly Trade Practices (MTP), Restrictive Trade Practices (RTP) and Unfair Trade Practices (UTP) etc. This may lead to opposition from the people. In order to over- come these evils, a firm instead of profit maximization, and aims at profit optimization. Optimum profit refers to the most ideal or desirable level of profit. Hence, earning the most reasonable or optimum profit has become a part and parcel of a sound pricing policy of a firm in recent years. 3. Price Stabilization Price stabilization over a period of time is another objective. The prices as far as possible should not fluctuate too often. Price instability creates uncertain atmosphere in business circles. Sales plan becomes difficult under such circumstances. Hence, price stability is one of the pre requisite conditions for steady and persistent growth of a firm. A stable price policy only can win the confidence of customers and may add to the good will of the concern. It builds up the reputation and image of the firm. 4. Facing competitive situation One of the objectives of the pricing policy is to face the competitive situations in the market. In many cases, this policy has been merely influenced by the market share psychology. Wherever companies are aware of specific competitive products, they try to match the prices of their products with those of their rivals to expand the volume of their business. Most of the firms are not merely interested in meeting competition but are keen to prevent it. Hence, a firm is always busy with its counter business strategy. 5. Maintenance of market share Market share refers to the share of a firm’s sales of a particular product in the total sales of all firms in the market. The economic strength and success of a firm is measured in terms of its market share. In a competitive world, each firm makes a successful attempt to expand its market share. If it is impossible, it has to maintain its existing market share. Any decline in market share is a symptom of the poor performance of a firm. Hence, the pricing policy has to assist a firm to maintain its market share at any cost. Ques2. Explain the important features of long run AC curve. Ans: Long run AC curves Long run is defined as a period of time where adjustments to changed conditions are complete. It is actually a period during which the quantities of all factors, variable as well as fixed factors can be adjusted. Hence, there are no fixed costs in the long run. In the short run, a firm has to carry on its production within the existing plant capacity, but in the long run it is not tied up to a particular plant capacity. If demand for the product increases, it can expand output by enlarging its plant capacity. It can construct new buildings or hire them, install new machines, employ administrative and other permanent staff. It can make use of the existing as well as new staff in the most efficient way and there is lot of scope for making indivisible factors to become divisible factors. On the other hand, if demand for the product declines, a firm can cut down its production permanently. The size of the plant can also be reduced and other expenditure can be minimized. Hence, production cost comes down to a greater extent in the long run. As all costs are variable in the long run, the total of these costs is total cost of production. Hence, the distinction between fixed and variables costs in the total cost of production will disappear in the long run. In the long run only the average total cost is important and considered in taking long term output decisions. Important features of long run AC curve 1. Tangent curve Different SAC curves represent different operational capacities of different plants in the short run. LAC curve is locus of all these points of tangency. The SAC curve can never cut a LAC curve though they are tangential to each other. This implies that for any given level of output, no SAC curve can ever be below the LAC curve. Hence, SAC cannot be lower than the LAC in the ling run. Thus, LAC curve is tangential to various SAC curves. 2. Envelope curve It is known as Envelope curve because it envelopes a group of SAC curves appropriate to different levels of output. 3. Flatter Unshaped or dish-shaped curve. The LAC curve is also U shaped or dish shaped cost curve. But It is less pronounced and much flatter in nature. LAC gradually falls and rises due to economies and diseconomies of scale. 4. Planning curve. The LAC cure is described as the Planning Curve of the firm because it represents the least cost of producing each possible level of output. This helps in producing optimum level of output at the minimum LAC. This is possible when the entrepreneur is selecting the optimum scale plant. Optimum scale plant is that size where the minimum point of SAC is tangent to the minimum point of LAC. . Minimum point of LAC curve should be always lower than the minimum point of SAC curve. This is because LAC can never be higher than SAC or SAC can never be lower than LAC. The LAC curve will touch the optimum plant SAC curve at its minimum point. A rational entrepreneur would select the optimum scale plant. Optimum scale plant is that size at which SAC is tangent to LAC, such that both the curves h ave the minimum point of tangency. In the diagram, OM2 is regarded as the optimum scale of output, as it has the least per unit cost. At OM2 output LAC = SAC.

Learning Through Play: School Development

Learning Through Play: School Development Introduction Children in a pre school are aged around five to six years old. How can they learn something through play in Pre School? How effective is learning through play and its value to their development? With this kind of notion, it gives me the courage to explore on what play is all about to children especially for those who are in Pre School. Most teachers and parents believe that young children learn best through play. This is supported by the Early Childhood Education Reform (ECEF) (1998:52) that children in the Foundation Stage learn best through play, experience and conversation. In this essay, I will explore on different types of play, which are usually used in a pre school classroom. Most importantly, I will explore on how play relates to the childrens development in terms of their physical, cognitive, language, social and emotional development with the supports from acknowledged theorists. I will also point out the importance and benefits of play and how it can be effective with the help of teachers. Moreover, I will also give out examples from Brunei context based from my experience throughout my teaching in Brunei Pre School which relates their learning through play in their school curriculum. Definition of play According to Isaacs (1954:23), he states that play is the childs means of living and understanding life. It proves that learning through play is essential for young childrens development in which they can they can gain experience, and knowledge in this life as it enables them to make sense of their world as they learn through exploration and experimentation. Moreover, play can also make a significant contribution to the childs mental health and social well-being (Miller et al., 2005). Conversely, Dodds (2009) argues that many authors and researchers would agree that it is nearly impossible to try and explain the difference between work and play as well as to try and define the notion of play or even categorise different forms of play. Play is a non threatening thing. Bennett et al (1997:51) state that there is a contrast between play and work where play is seen as being fun and enjoyable, whereas work is serious and even onerous. Meanwhile, Hughes (1999:3) states that play differs in a number of ways from what is usually regarded as work. Both play and work is enjoyable. However, play is intrinsically motivated while work is extrinsically motivated (Hughes, 1999). The Plowden report (DES, 1967) also states that adults who criticize teachers for allowing children to play are unaware that play is the principal means of learning. Types of play It is possible to classify different types of play which represent, and contribute to progress in different areas of development (Sheridan, 1999). As revealed by Miller et al. (2005), they argue that children can be seen playing in all types of different situations. Consequently, what they do when they play has many common features in spite of the context, materials and equipment available. Therefore, in light of the above, they also believe that practitioners use a number of different terms to describe types of play. Although some may appear self-explanatory, but it is necessary to understand what each involves in terms of the relationships between them and the value of their contribution to the childs growth and development both as an individual and a learner (Miller et al., 2005). In a Pre school, teachers use different types of play which relevance to the school curriculum and have an effect to the childrens development. Basically, with these types of play, it can help teachers to observe and understand better what is happening to the children when they play. Play is often categorised in a number of ways but is normally grouped into four different categories. There are creative play, physical play, manipulative play and imaginative play (Tassoni et al., 2007). Most of these plays are practiced in Pre schools. Firstly, creative play encourages children to experiment and explore the world around them. If the children are given a wide range of activities, they can develop in all areas as well as gaining an immense deal of satisfaction from the play itself as it can actually increase their confidence and self-esteem. Although it also supports the childrens creativity, it is important not to make the children worry about the end product and there should not be any competition. This is due to the childs sense of self-worth which can easily be destroyed if their creation is not praised or is questioned in some ways. They also supported that in that way, it will enable children to enjoy the process rather than the end of product (Tassoni et al., 2007). As supported by Duncan and Lockwood (2008), they state that creative play is all about creative arts play such as painting, drawing, music, dance and model making in which are the ways of expressing ideas and feelings. They are also a form of communication. Basically, they also argue that children discover the medium in which they learn how it works and what they can do with it. Secondly, Tassoni et al., (2007) believe that physical play encourages children to use their large muscles and exercises their body in which they learn to control their muscles and develop coordination. This is also supported by Miller et al., (2005:87), they define that physical play is rough and tumble which is a fun, free flowing and physical and children can develop their physical abilities and refine their motor control. Meanwhile, Lindon (2001:42) who defines that rough and tumble is such a close encounter play that is playful and obviously enjoyed by children. It is actually a type of play that is not genuine fighting where children can use the involvement of touching, tickling and chasing in activities given. Moreover, Duncan and Lockwood (2008:99) argue that physical play is a kind of play that often predominates in outdoor provision. Thirdly, a manipulative play is a type of play which concentrates upon how a child uses his or her hands. Sight and touch are the essential part of this play with hand-eye coordination. It is primarily divided into gross and fine manipulative play whereas in the gross manipulative play such as throwing a ball, climbing or kicking a ball and in the fine manipulative play is where children discover to use their fingers independently such as unscrewing a lid and using a pencil (Tassoni et al, 2007). Fourthly, an imaginative play is vital for the development of cognitive competence (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008: 98). They also believed that children can go beyond the here and now; they can pretend to be someone else, to act out adult roles. This is also argued by Bergen (2002) that there may be negative consequences for intellectual development in the long term if children do not have the opportunity of imaginative play. Moreover, Tassoni et al., (2007) support that children can act out situations spontaneously by taking on the role of other people or situations. By providing provide a number of imaginative play activities and support by adults can allow children to safely explore their own feelings and the world around them. They also argue that there are four terms that connect with imaginative play, and there is pretend play, fantasy play, socio-dramatic play and symbolic play. As for symbolic play, Miller et al. (2005:86) states that it provides children with opportunities to explore and extend their world as well as materials and objects are used to represent all kinds of things and people. This shows that in this kind of play, objects, actions and functions take on responsibilities. Meanwhile, Lindon (2001:42) states that symbolic play allows children to exercise control and explore without the risk of being out of their depth. For instance, a piece of wood may symbolize a person. A socio-dramatic play involves interaction and communication with others as children can act out stories on their own and with others. This can actually allow them to explore the nature of the role, adapting and modifying it as a result of interacting with others (Miller, et al., 2005:87). As for a pretend play, Tassoni et al, (2007:277) argues that it is a play that considers how children act out in a range of ways such as going shopping or cooking a meal. On the other hand, according to Miller et al., (2005:87), they define that a fantasy play is a form of role play where children produce their own stories and challenge accepted norms and expectations which involves make-believe, where objects and people take on new, innovative functions and roles. This is supported by Lindon (2001:43) by giving an example of children may fantasise about flying an aeroplane or being incredibly rich. The effect of play in childrens development Learning through play can be influenced by all aspects of childrens development. This is supported by Tassoni et al. (2007) as they state about how children develop through play in terms of their physical, social, emotional and behavioural, intellectual and communication and language development. However, according to Duncan and Lockwood (2008:61), they state that progression and regression in one area will impact on the others. As for the Physical development, children actually develop both physically and intellectually through movement that they make. As stated below, they argue that: Through repetition of action, connections are made in the brain. The more complex the movement or pattern created, the greater the cognitive process. Children explore their environment, manipulate tools and learn new skills, with greater control and dexterity. Their ability to plan and organize their movements influences their ability to write, draw and manipulate fine objects as well as develop their gross motor skills. This gives them the opportunity to represent language in symbols for themselves. By repetition and practice children also master control over their bodies, thus developing physical competence and spatial awareness. (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008:61) On the other hand, in terms of the language and cognitive development, children express their ideas and feelings as well as describing their experiences through language. This is because that the role of language in the development of thinking in which they can use it to control the world around them, recognize meaning and represent their understanding. Moreover, positive relationships encourage communication and are the important factor in language development and thinking. Language accompanied by action helps children to understand what is being said (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008). Lastly, the social and emotional development which also gives effect to the childrens learning. As stated by Duncan and Lockwood (2008), they argue that sociable children can interact properly in order to learn from their peer group, parents and other adults. This means they have the essential skills to cooperate in a group situation where they are able to stick to decisions made and take both a lead and subsidiary role in decision-making. They are sensitive of the needs of others and can understand different viewpoints and perspectives and how one event may affect another. They can also learn to develop socially acceptable behaviour in different circumstances. Conversely, Goleman (1996) argue that there are five abilities associated with emotional intelligence and there are self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating oneself, recognizing emotions in others and handling relationships. Duncan and Lockwood (2008:63) also believed that emotional upheaval at sometime in childrens lives may impact negatively upon learning, which in turn may affect their self-esteem. The influence of theorists about childrens play Basically, no one theory has ever been able to explain completely the significance of play in childrens development. Hughes (1999:16) argues that theories must be seen as only tentative models, helpful frameworks within which child development and behaviour can be better understood. I will focus on three theorists in whom they think that play as part of childrens thinking and there are Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Jerome Bruner. It proves how effective play is in the childrens cognitive development where they can actually understand ideas and learn to think. Lindon (2001) states that the theory developed by Jean Piaget has been hugely influential for early years practice in United Kingdom. However, other theorist such as Lev Vygotsky has shown contrasting perspectives that can support adults in an effort to understand childrens thinking and how it relates to play. Jean Piaget believed that child as an active learner and proposed that children were active participants in their own learning. He also proposed that through a series of stages that unfolded in a definite sequence, the childrens cognitive development progressed. He also interested in childrens play activities in order to support his theory about their language and thinking. He did not focus on other aspects of childrens development such as communication, social interaction or emotional development. Piagets theory that children constructed their own understanding led him to emphasise that adults should create environments in which children could discover for themselves. Self discovery by children has sometimes been interpreted to mean that adults should scarcely intervene at all in childrens play (Lindon, 2001). Moreover, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), they state that Vygotsky was interested in a mastery play where children can take up information from the world around them and shape it to fit in with their own understanding and experience as well as changing their actions to meet the demands of their personal world. These processes are called assimilation accommodation. Similar to Vygotsky, he believed that by observing a child at play, the adult gained much knowledge of the childs stage of development. He categorised three stages of the development of intelligence and there is sensory motor which corresponds to mastery play, pre-operational which corresponds to symbolic or pretend play, and lastly operational which corresponds to games with rules. Since I am exploring about children in Pre schools, I would use the information from Piagets developmental model which argues on the stage of symbolic play which takes place between the ages of two and seven years which relevant with the pre-operational stage. This is where the children transform themselves or objects into something else. For instance, a child engaged in pretend play about pirates and may pick up a cardboard cylinder and use it as a telescope. For the child, it has become a telescope and the transformation is a very real one (Maynard and Thomas, 2004). Basically, it shows that using the view from Piaget; pretend play emerged spontaneously at a stage well into the pre school period. However, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), it is only relatively recently since the translation of Vygotskys work and through the writing of more recent researchers, that this view has been challenged and argued that pretend play is considered to be the product of social collaboration rather than a developmental process. Meanwhile, in the contribution of Vygotsky to the childrens learning through, Lindon (2001:31) states that he placed greater emphasis than Piaget on the social context in which children explored and learned. He also focused on language as a vital social tool and described learning within social interaction. Lindon (2001:31) also states that Vygotsky felt that early language, during the years when children speak out loud to themselves in play, was an important instrument of their thinking. Moreover, Vygotsky believes that in terms of the role of play, he emphasized: The ingenuity of children as active participants in their own learning and creative users of play from whatever was available. He felt that play led childrens development. In their play activity, children could step outside the restrictions of their real lives and explore meaning free from the constraints of what was possible as a child. Vygotsky also believed that all forms of play had some imaginary component and that play was rule bound within those imaginary elements. (Lindon, 2001:31). It shows that play is important for childrens learning, but of course there are barriers such as risk, safety and both the childrens social and emotional are needed to be focused on. As supported by Vygotsky, he did not see play as the only way that children learned and warned against the risks if adults focused too much on the possible intellectual content of play and ignored the emotional content (Lindon, 2001). Hughes (1999) also states that Vygotsky believed about the importance of the social context. He believes about his zones of proximal development. If a child is asked to work independently on a problem, such as sorting objects according to shape or function, he will display a particular level of performance for the childs performance may not reflect his or her true potential. However, if the same child is allowed to work with other children on the problem or is given even a small amount of direction by an adult, he or she might perform at a higher level than when working alone and potential ability in a different social context is the zone of proximal development. Obviously, the social context can do more than provide information about development as it can also facilitate the development by allowing children to achieve their true potential (Hughes,1999). In terms of play, Maynard and Thomas (2004) state that Vygotsky stresses that in childrens development in the earliest years of life, the role of pretend play is important. He placed play in the socio-cultural context where the context in which childrens play can and should be extended and nurtured by both adults and peers. This is also further supported that pretend play provides an inimitable context within which children can reach for and attain increasingly higher levels of cognitive development (Maynard and Thomas, 2004). Vygotsky believed that pretend play is a major means by which young children can extend their cognitive skills, and they can also learn about the social constructs of their own culture at the same time by the encouragement given by adults for them to become active participants in the social world around them. He also believed that by identifying the main features of play, the observer is able to understand how it influences childrens development (Maynard and Thomas, 2004). Lastly, about Jerome Bruner who was actually influenced by Vygotskys ideas and developed the idea for the concept of the spiral curriculum. According to Lindon (2001), he states that Bruner described how children learn through discovery with the direct help of adults and by repeating to the same materials or ideas. He also proposed that children were able to broaden their understanding over a period of years, and they could build on what they had learned previously and through sensitive help from adults in the later learning. In terms of play, whereas Piagets developmental theory minimalists the role of the adult in childrens development, Bruner similar to Vygotsky who considers the role of the adult in nurturing childrens development through play to be critical. He also argues that children learn from modelled adult behaviour rather than over-directed intervention (Maynard and Thomas, 2004). Moreover, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), Bruner identifies two major functions of play. First, play situations allow children to test out and modify the consequences of their actions which provide them with a meaningful situation in which they can learn about things without risk of fear and failure and second, it gives children an opportunity for them not to engage in behaviours if under adult pressure. Like Vygotsky, Bruner also subscribes to a socio-constructivist theory of play in which he emphasizes the important of symbolic or pretend play. This is a type of play which enables children to work through difficulties, and fulfil secret desires at a make-believe level as well as helping children to learn how to cope with rules and social conventions at the same time (Maynard and Thomas, 2004). Overall, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), they state that Vygotsky and Bruner subscribe to the socio-constructivist theory of play that it needs to be scaffolded by sensitive and intelligent adult intervention. In order for children to progress to higher levels of cognitive functioning, there must be social interaction with peers. However, Piaget argues that that play was developmental and that it took place at a particular stage regardless of adult intervention. It shows that Piagets theory is in contrast to the socio-constructivist view of the play. Despite their differences, the classical theorists emphasise the vital importance of pretend play to childrens development. Since pretend play presents a much greater cognitive challenge than non-pretend activities such as puzzles and jigsaws, young children who have ample time to engage in it do enjoy enhanced intellectual development. The importance and benefit of play It is believed that play can help children to understand life and their surrounding. This is supported by Duncan and Lockwood (2008), they state that through play, children have a natural instinct to learn about the world. Moreover, Hughes (1999:20) states cognitive theorists regard play a stool for facilitating intellectual growth. In addition, play is spontaneous as children can engage in it from choice (Moyles, 1994). This is further supported by Jerome Bruner (1972) and Brian Sutton-Smith (1967) cited in Hughes (1999:20), they state that play provides a comfortable, and relaxed atmosphere in which children can learn to solve a variety of problems. They also believe that later, when children are confronted with the more complex problems of the real world, the learning that took place during play is of great benefit to them. Play affords the opportunity for intellectual and social development as well as for emotional release (Hughes, 1999). In the studies of Bruner (1960) cited in Maynard and Thomas (2004), he states that similar to Piaget and Vygotsky; he examines the way in which children are able to explore hopes and anxieties and trying things out safely in pretend play as well as attributing to it a cathartic function. According to Maynard and Thomas (2004: 192), they state that when one observes children at play, certain common characteristics emerge. First, play is fun, children enjoy engaging in it. It maybe accompanied by laughter, talk, propose indeed, none of these things. It may be solitary or involve groups of children; it may also involve adult participation. Although an episode of play may lead to significant learning outcomes, these are not planned at its outset. True play is an impromptu experience and other than the intention of having fun, its outcomes do not exist in childrens minds when they initiate it. However, parents often misunderstood about play and early childhood educators notice it as a natural part of childhood but one that has little developmental value (Hartley, 1971). Moreover, David (1996) cited in Nutbrown also highlights the way in which increasing fears for childrens safety is understandably causing parents to confine and restrict their children more. According to Hughes (1999), he argues that it is understood that children should play as it affords the opportunity for intellectual and social development as well as for emotional release. Meanwhile, as stated by Gammage (2006) argue that childrens learning has led to some misunderstanding in which children are not just investments for the future, but they have a right to freely chosen opportunities for play and self-directed exploration as well as structured play activities rather than being made to follow a restricted or narrow curriculum. Other feature of learning through play is that it helps the children to develop their language by expressing their ideas and feeling and describe their experiences (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008). Moreover, Moyles (2005:235) states that children are in control of the way in which they want their play to develop and give themselves tasks in their play, not really for an outcome, but to shape the play-process itself. Hughes (1999) states that Vygotsky argued that there is a number of acquired and shared tools that aid in human thinking and behaviour-skills that allow us to think more clearly than if we did not have them and to better understand our own thinking processes. He also stated about the importance of the social context. This is his belief in zones of proximal development. If asked to work independently on a problem, such as sorting objects according to shape or function, a child will display a particular level of performance. However, Vygotsky believed that the childs performance may not reflect his or her true potential. If the same child is allowed to work with other children on the problem on the problem, or is given even a small amount of direction by an adult, he or she might perform at a higher level than when working alone and potential ability in a different social context is the zone of proximal development. Role of adults and their intervention to make a play to work effectively Teachers need to be supportive as children should enjoy it. Lindon (2001) identifies some possible roles for Pre school teachers in play such as the teacher as companion, learner and observer, facilitator, provider, a model, mediator as well as safety officer. Miller et al., (2005:92) state that play is vulnerable that it is important to provide appropriate experiences, activities and resources that will help children to develop their ability to play and learn. Moyles (1994) argues that it is practitioners who are best placed to observe and channel the value of childrens play into powerful contexts for learning. Moreover, by observation it is important for childrens learning through play. This is supported by Duncan and Lockwood (2008:21) who believe that observation will give you information about childrens learning through play and about the learning environment. Johnston et al., (2010) state that through play, children can develop intellectually, creatively, physically, socially and emotionally. By providing well planned experiences in both indoor and outdoor which are based on childrens spontaneous play are an important way which practitioners support young children to learn with enjoyment and challenge. Furthermore, observation also gives feedback on management issues, the effectiveness of resources and the play environment and information about diversity, inequalities, prejudices and stereotyping (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008:20). There are many ways in supporting and reflecting childrens play in extending specific areas such as language and communication. As stated by Bruce (2001) in supporting play are to establish a conducive environment, an adult must have interest and be part of the play in a background way as well as to be alert on how to manage things during the play without intervene it. However, those with learning difficulties and disabilities may need more specific and specialised help in playing and communicating with others. There is a place for scaffolding childrens understanding of and ability to play, just as there is for scaffolding their learning, to take account of their diverse life experiences (Bruner, 1972). Moreover, Vygotsky stated on how adults could best help children to learn and on the other hand, he also believed that children could and did help each other through play. He used his concept of the zone of proximal development to explain how childrens learning could be supported. The zone of proximal development is the area of possibilities that lie between what individual children can manage on their own and what they could achieve or understand with some appropriate help. He also argues that focused help could come from wither an alert adult or from another child whose understanding or skills were slightly more mature (Lindon, 2001). The impact of learning through play in Brunei context on Pre School children Based from where I came from, Pre schools in Brunei also practice learning through play in part of the school curriculum. As stated by the Curriculum Development Department (CDD) of the Brunei Ministry of Education (2009), the Pre school syllabus emphasises on the implementation of the instructional activities which are provided following the educational field and skill levels as well as abilities in accordance with the development of their learning. The educational field is divided into five developments. There is personal and social development, cognitive development, the development of aesthetics and creativity, physical development and ICT development. On the other hand, some teachers tend not to focus on the childrens learning through play as they believed that it is just a waste of time and rather follow in meeting the curriculum demands and syllabus given. This is argued by the Plowden report (DES, 1967) that although the play is the central activity in all schools but it often leads to accusations that children are wasting their time in school in which they should be working. Principals in Brunei Pre Schools encourage Pre class teachers to modify and decorate their classrooms where they accommodate the class with varieties of learning corners areas such as a book corner, kitchen corner, block corner and drawing corner. This is suitable for dramatic play, books and literacy, block and construction play and manipulative play.ÂÂ   These areas can help the pupils to develop their skills needed. The class teachers make sure that the play activities are relevant to the development of the pre school pupils. Most importantly, the teachers provide plenty of open space area for them to play independently. This can lead the pupils to be engaged in learning through play effectively. Basically, class teachers in Brunei use primitive materials for some of the play activities such as sand, water and clay where it can attract the pupils and evoke their interest and concentration. This is supported by Hughes (1999:198) who highlights that a number of play materials and activities have been identified as being highly likely to stimulate intellectual growth. Hughes (1999:211) states that certain types of play materials and activities have been found to be helpful in encouraging social integration. Moreover, the use of materials in play can develop pupils confidence in learning with others. Moyles (2005) states that the activity which develop their confidence and actually demonstrate their understanding to groups of children even if they are unfamiliar with as they can start their conversation and friendship. Most importantly, the toys and play materials are kept on low sized shelves so that they can reach them easily. Most teachers do use the outdoor play but this is only when they are having a Physical Education. Basically, children must also have opportunities to play out door since outdoor has a large space with nature. The pupils can play freely which can sometimes pose a threat for risk and accidents. As stated by Gill (2007:16), he summarizes that by undertaking risky activities carries beneficial side effects for childrens health and development. Based from my teaching experience, the pupils in my class love to play during their Break time. It could be observed that it was the time when they are having fun especially at the playground. Although children play, they actually learn something. For instance, th

The Airline Industry :: essays research papers

The topic in which I chose to do a scrapbook on was â€Å"How the government affects the airline industry in Canada†. Specifically I chose articles that related to the aftermaths of the September 11th tragedy. This event affected airlines in an enormous manner. Many airlines were facing economical problems and in turned asked the government for assistance. As a result, Canada 3000, which was Canada’s second largest airline carrier filed for bankruptcy protection on October 11th. Air Canada was also faced with many hard to make decisions. They turned to the Canadian government and asked for financial assistance. The Problem Solving Method will be examined to determine how the government came to the decision of actually granting Air Canada some assistance. Problem Solving Method 1. Decide on the "Issue" (Define it carefully to avoid arguments later.) The issue that is being discussed in whether or not the government should help Air Canada out financially. As can be seen in the articles presented in the scrapbook, it is known that the government controls many of the operations at Air Canada. 2. Examine various points of view and the opinions they have.  · Your own In my opinion, I think that the Canadian government should help Air Canada with financial assistance. I believe that if the government wants to have control over their fare prices, whether or not they can open a discount airline, and the amount of workers they are able to hire, that they have an obligation to the airline to help them out in these types of situations.  · Those of key groups or individuals (stakeholders) a) Air Canada Union Representatives – This group feels that the government should be active in financial aid relief. During the events after September 11th, the union stated in many national papers, that they felt that they deserved the same amount of support and relief that the US government was giving their airlines. b) The Canadian Government – The government had essentially three choices: i) They could help the airline. ii) They could do nothing and let the airline claim bankruptcy. iii) They could buy back into Air Canada. With the first choice, the government has to allocate some of their resources to the airline. The second option was not feasible for the government to partake in because of the fact that Canadian citizens would be loosing the biggest airline carrier. The third option, which the government did consider, involved two options. The government could either buy a minority of the shares or they could buy the entire operation and that would result in Air Canada becoming a crown corporation.

Essay examples --

INTRODUCTION- Why Airbus? Airbus produces approximately half of the world’s jet airlines. Porter stated that aircraft suppliers have more profit compared to airlines; therefore, we decided to find out what kind of business strategies help the company excel, particularly Airbus is competing with Boeing. On the other side, business strategies will support the company’s future design processes in the industry and technology needs. Airbus does not only manufacture passenger jets, they also have military and aerospace projects with its parent company. These details might be interesting to learn more about the jet airline industry. OVERVIEW (Company profile) Airbus is the world’s leading commercial aircraft manufacturer whose customer focus, commercial know-how, technological leadership and manufacturing efficiency have propelled it to the forefront of the industry. Airbus Group is based in Toulouse, France. Airbus Group has been a part of European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company since 2000, which have other similar groups such as Astrium, Cassidian and Eurocopter. Recently in 2014, Tom Enders, Airbus group executive restructure the company into three divisions and change the name of company EADS to Airbus. The current organizational structure comprises three divisions including Airbus, Airbus Defense and space and Airbus helicopters. Airbus is considered a world leader in the air transport marketplace with over 57,000 employees and 16 manufacturing locations across Europe. Airbus has a global network of more than 200 customers, over 1,500 suppliers and around 80,000 annual expense reports. Airbus is focusing global manufacture of the commercial aircraft. Over 40 years of developing technological innovation of its product... ....V. (EADS) Vision 2020 was established in 2007 to provide growth, changes and new goals for Airbus that are to be achieved by 2020. The vision is to have a well-balanced EADS that will include profitability, focus on core, become a worldwide leader in air and space platforms and systems, mission-critical service provider, and become eco efficient. In order to obtain the above balanced revenues must be available and this can happen when EADS reduces dependence on Airbus and increases revenue streams from non-Airbus divisions. This strategy focuses on increasing the revenue services from 10% to 25%. Globalization is also a primary concern because EADS plans to increase internationalization for geographic expansion by increasing its non-European sourcing from 25% to 40% which in turn will make the procurement marketing and global sourcing activities achieve its goal.

Growing Up

What does it mean to grow up? Does it mean washing your car, paying your bills, getting a job? Does it mean getting married, having kids, and sprouting gray hair? Is it necessary? Is everyone capable of it? Is it going to be hard and will it be worth the effort? All of these questions are probably what made Peter Pan decide to never leave Neverland. Growing up means a lot of different things to many different people. If we look at the words â€Å"growing up†, we simply think of the physical aspect of ageing, growing tall and wide.But for most people, growing up means something deeper involving a change in the approach that an individual has to life and the actions that are taken with it. In this essay, we will look at why people have difficulty growing up, why it does or does not matter that they do, and what growing up truly entails. In M. Scott Peck’s book The Road Less Traveled, he suggested four rules of discipline that lead to maturity and growth in a human being. These four pathways are the delay of gratification, acceptance of responsibility, dedication to truth, and balancing.Although he claims that most people have learned to use these four tools by the age of ten, I do not believe that everyone learns to grow up by the age of ten. In reality, I can see a level of understanding that children this age have for â€Å"growing up† and being mature, but they choose not to. I think in order for human beings to put these devices to use, they must gain experience. With experience comes failure and success. This is how we learn. In order to act like a grown up, it’s necessary for us to learn to make the right decisions by trial and error.It is nearly impossible to be taught to live a certain way and never stray from it as a child. Children have higher tendencies to give in to their desires right away because they have not learned of serious consequences. With life experiences, that knowledge is instilled in us all. Along with experie nce usually comes a sense of morals. Morality is learned in tough situations, or it is taught. But typically, humans have to actually learn to do the right thing. They can’t just be told.Mistakes are made and we are held accountable. Such mistakes could include simple things when we are young like hitting your younger sibling, or they could be as adults like not paying your bills. Sometimes, we have to make the mistake in order to be able to correct it. We look at the mistake we made, for example, cheating on a test. We are pleased with the score. However, we see that we did not receive the grade that was deserved. The other students all put in long hours of studying and in turn earned their good grades.When something like this happens an immature person would not think much of it and move on, but a person who has grown spiritually into a person with morals will not feel comfortable with this result, and probably not do it again. That is one form of growing up. It is importan t to feel responsibility for the actions that have been taken. The next step is reacting in a productive way to that responsibility. In order to assume responsibility, we have to have a sense of right and wrong which is only naturally learned by living life. When responsibility is accepted, we have begun to see the truth and reality of our situation, as Peck describes.Dedication to truth is heavily involved with the concept of accepting responsibility because for people to see blame in themselves, they have to have a clear plane of reality that shows the necessity of a solution from them. The eyes have to be opened to the truth of a problem to assume honest responsibility. Taking responsibility just because it has been ordered from us is not useful unless we are able to sit back and look at the dilemma and genuinely see where action from ourselves is necessary. If this isn’t realized, then the growing up part of responsibility is not being activated.Some people never learn to take responsibility because they aren’t willing to hold blame for anything. These people have not grown up. They may have learned morals, but their experiences have not taught them consequences serious enough for them to change into adults. People with money often get away with this because they do not face the common struggle most people face which is providing themselves with necessities to survive. Affluent people are sometimes just given things without earning them, which results in them never having to take responsibility for themselves.The withholding of gratification is a rough subject. Why would any human want to reject themselves of pleasure to get work done? As crazy as it sounds, it does in fact make sense. Delaying gratification in order to complete necessary tasks is an important part of becoming a mature adult. The idea of waiting for the good until the bad is finished is taught to us from childhood. We are told to eat our vegetables before dessert, and to do o ur homework before we can play outside. There are reasons that I will mention that may explain why many young people do not agree with this part of growing up.I realized this when I was discussing the issue with my mother. She made a clear point that she agreed with Peck’s delaying gratification. In her generation, you worked hard, went to college, and got a job. Your hard work paid off inevitably, no exceptions. The people she knew who didn’t work hard, who just hung around and wasted their time playing at bars or other frivolous activities, did not get far and those are the people who are pressed for hard times now. This is where one generation misses the next. In my life, I have not grown up seeing stability in the future.Neither have my peers. We see a lot of people who work hard and in turn are being laid off of work. We see people who strive for their goals, but do not come out with happiness or the things they intended. This distrust in the future causes many pe ople to be confused. They ask why I would spend the best years of my life doing things I don’t enjoy to have nothing in return. Consequently, many people my age and even ages across the board are coming to the conclusion to gratify themselves while they can and hope for the best later on because it looks dubious to begin with.I relate to the experience of feeling pessimistic about the future. My parents were divorced and my father died when I was young. That makes an incredible and difficult impact on the effort it takes to see a stable time ahead. The divorce rate in the country could have a large impact on this feeling in people my age. However, the â€Å"mature† adult is always around the corner making sure the young people will do the right thing. So the uncertainty of the tomorrow makes a lot of people question whether to put in the hard work now because the opportunity for gratification may not be there afterwards.Although Peck mentions this point in his book, he does not discuss why this is an invalid argument. This leads me to believe that delaying gratification is a flexible tool of discipline. It may work well for some people and it may not work well for others. With experience comes knowledge and it’s very hard to retract what’s been learned. I believe that it’s a lifestyle choice. Some people chose to live life on the edge and go day to day because their judgment has told them to live that way and it’s been honestly beneficial to them.In other people, working hard has paid off to amazing gratification in their lives and given them much to be thankful for. I think that it’s about being happy and taking responsibility for the way that you create your happiness. Growing up really requires a lot of effort although it is a natural process. If the parents do not show signs of maturity, then the child will not unless he learns it from his peers. That in itself is a rare case though. Growing up and becoming a mature adult is a part of life that has to be experienced and learned in order to enjoy all aspects of life.If a person does not go through the harsh world of work and responsibility, then they may never know the true worth of happiness and bliss and freedom. In the bigger picture of the world and the universe, if we do not grow up and become hard working adults, it may not matter. The strong will survive inevitably and the immature and weak will not. People may get away with not following Peck’s rules of discipline throughout their lives and they may be happy, but they will not know the meaning of a hard day’s work which is one of the best feelings of accomplishment a human can have. Growing Up Adulthood comes in various stages. Early and middle adulthood brings changes to the body and mind, as well as personality and social timing. Relationships and roles change throughout the growth of a person, and habits continue to grow. Early adulthood, otherwise known as emerging adulthood, can be considered another developmental stage (Berger K. S. (2010). Because there are more changes happening during this time, and a person is continuing to figure out himself and who he is becoming, could be the reason behind this term.The personality changes that occur during early adulthood can be drastic in nature. Often times the newly found adult ventures off into the world anxious and excited for a change, and as a result his personality reflects this new attitude towards life. Social and intimate relationships during early adulthood and adulthood vary distinctly. The young adult will seek sexual gratitude or intimacy but not necessarily make a commitment. The older adult craves the commitm ent and emotional satisfaction of another person to share his life with (Berger K. S.  (2010).As a person ages the social aspect differs greatly from a younger adult. It is common for a younger adult to enjoy the nightlife and have plenty of friends. An older adult generally does not have as much in common with the younger adult since he may have small children and seeks friendships that have the same family situations. A midlife crisis can also occur during middle adulthood. This generally is between the ages of 40 and 50 for men and women and is a result of a freer lifestyle without children and a reevaluation of one’s life (Feldman).During the middle of an adult’s life, a person becomes more introspective and has changed to become more accepting of himself, and begins to see the positive side of difficult situations rather than focusing on the negative. During a person’s middle adulthood his parents may begin to require more attention and help. The roles re verse as the parent begins to age and the child often times needs to care for his parents due to various ailments. This is not uncommon for the middle adult, and is called the sandwich generation since he is caring for his parents as well as his own children.The financial struggles and emotional distress can cause a mild depression because of this new responsibility (Troll, 1976). The parent needing care may also feel as they are becoming a burden on their family because they can see the added stress and responsibility it is creating to care for them. The early adult also experiences role changes. He is beginning to see the world in a new way and starting to take responsibility for himself. It is almost as though the young adult is thrown into the new world without much thought or knowledge of where to go from here.Beginning college and trying to decide what career path to begin is a challenge many face during this time. Usually by the time he graduates college and is in his mid-twe nties, he will have a grasp on being an adult and will begin to welcome new challenges. Health is a constant battle for both the early and middle adult. Although the younger adult does not realize the habits he is creating or the choices he makes will greatly affect his health at a later age. Generally a young adult is healthy and will begin a family when the time is right.There are always cases of bad habits that will begin in early adulthood and cause issues for an older adult. Not taking care of one’s body properly by eating fatty foods or being careless will take its toll as a person ages (Berger K. S. (2010). The choices a young adult makes at a certain point in life and is thought to be fun and exciting will eventually catch up to him in later adulthood. The repercussions could possibly be frowned upon by himself because of some pain or suffering he is caused because of earlier actions.Early and middle adulthood brings various changes and similarities to a person. From finding what career path a person wants to follow and marrying and starting a family, to the roles being reversed and caring for an aging parent, the adult will face many challenges throughout life. Social status and relationships grow and change as a person does also. This time could be thought to be the most challenging and rewarding time of a person’s life because of the fluctuations it creates. Growing Up What does it mean to grow up? Does it mean washing your car, paying your bills, getting a job? Does it mean getting married, having kids, and sprouting gray hair? Is it necessary? Is everyone capable of it? Is it going to be hard and will it be worth the effort? All of these questions are probably what made Peter Pan decide to never leave Neverland. Growing up means a lot of different things to many different people. If we look at the words â€Å"growing up†, we simply think of the physical aspect of ageing, growing tall and wide.But for most people, growing up means something deeper involving a change in the approach that an individual has to life and the actions that are taken with it. In this essay, we will look at why people have difficulty growing up, why it does or does not matter that they do, and what growing up truly entails. In M. Scott Peck’s book The Road Less Traveled, he suggested four rules of discipline that lead to maturity and growth in a human being. These four pathways are the delay of gratification, acceptance of responsibility, dedication to truth, and balancing.Although he claims that most people have learned to use these four tools by the age of ten, I do not believe that everyone learns to grow up by the age of ten. In reality, I can see a level of understanding that children this age have for â€Å"growing up† and being mature, but they choose not to. I think in order for human beings to put these devices to use, they must gain experience. With experience comes failure and success. This is how we learn. In order to act like a grown up, it’s necessary for us to learn to make the right decisions by trial and error.It is nearly impossible to be taught to live a certain way and never stray from it as a child. Children have higher tendencies to give in to their desires right away because they have not learned of serious consequences. With life experiences, that knowledge is instilled in us all. Along with experie nce usually comes a sense of morals. Morality is learned in tough situations, or it is taught. But typically, humans have to actually learn to do the right thing. They can’t just be told.Mistakes are made and we are held accountable. Such mistakes could include simple things when we are young like hitting your younger sibling, or they could be as adults like not paying your bills. Sometimes, we have to make the mistake in order to be able to correct it. We look at the mistake we made, for example, cheating on a test. We are pleased with the score. However, we see that we did not receive the grade that was deserved. The other students all put in long hours of studying and in turn earned their good grades.When something like this happens an immature person would not think much of it and move on, but a person who has grown spiritually into a person with morals will not feel comfortable with this result, and probably not do it again. That is one form of growing up. It is importan t to feel responsibility for the actions that have been taken. The next step is reacting in a productive way to that responsibility. In order to assume responsibility, we have to have a sense of right and wrong which is only naturally learned by living life. When responsibility is accepted, we have begun to see the truth and reality of our situation, as Peck describes.Dedication to truth is heavily involved with the concept of accepting responsibility because for people to see blame in themselves, they have to have a clear plane of reality that shows the necessity of a solution from them. The eyes have to be opened to the truth of a problem to assume honest responsibility. Taking responsibility just because it has been ordered from us is not useful unless we are able to sit back and look at the dilemma and genuinely see where action from ourselves is necessary. If this isn’t realized, then the growing up part of responsibility is not being activated.Some people never learn to take responsibility because they aren’t willing to hold blame for anything. These people have not grown up. They may have learned morals, but their experiences have not taught them consequences serious enough for them to change into adults. People with money often get away with this because they do not face the common struggle most people face which is providing themselves with necessities to survive. Affluent people are sometimes just given things without earning them, which results in them never having to take responsibility for themselves.The withholding of gratification is a rough subject. Why would any human want to reject themselves of pleasure to get work done? As crazy as it sounds, it does in fact make sense. Delaying gratification in order to complete necessary tasks is an important part of becoming a mature adult. The idea of waiting for the good until the bad is finished is taught to us from childhood. We are told to eat our vegetables before dessert, and to do o ur homework before we can play outside. There are reasons that I will mention that may explain why many young people do not agree with this part of growing up.I realized this when I was discussing the issue with my mother. She made a clear point that she agreed with Peck’s delaying gratification. In her generation, you worked hard, went to college, and got a job. Your hard work paid off inevitably, no exceptions. The people she knew who didn’t work hard, who just hung around and wasted their time playing at bars or other frivolous activities, did not get far and those are the people who are pressed for hard times now. This is where one generation misses the next. In my life, I have not grown up seeing stability in the future.Neither have my peers. We see a lot of people who work hard and in turn are being laid off of work. We see people who strive for their goals, but do not come out with happiness or the things they intended. This distrust in the future causes many pe ople to be confused. They ask why I would spend the best years of my life doing things I don’t enjoy to have nothing in return. Consequently, many people my age and even ages across the board are coming to the conclusion to gratify themselves while they can and hope for the best later on because it looks dubious to begin with.I relate to the experience of feeling pessimistic about the future. My parents were divorced and my father died when I was young. That makes an incredible and difficult impact on the effort it takes to see a stable time ahead. The divorce rate in the country could have a large impact on this feeling in people my age. However, the â€Å"mature† adult is always around the corner making sure the young people will do the right thing. So the uncertainty of the tomorrow makes a lot of people question whether to put in the hard work now because the opportunity for gratification may not be there afterwards.Although Peck mentions this point in his book, he does not discuss why this is an invalid argument. This leads me to believe that delaying gratification is a flexible tool of discipline. It may work well for some people and it may not work well for others. With experience comes knowledge and it’s very hard to retract what’s been learned. I believe that it’s a lifestyle choice. Some people chose to live life on the edge and go day to day because their judgment has told them to live that way and it’s been honestly beneficial to them.In other people, working hard has paid off to amazing gratification in their lives and given them much to be thankful for. I think that it’s about being happy and taking responsibility for the way that you create your happiness. Growing up really requires a lot of effort although it is a natural process. If the parents do not show signs of maturity, then the child will not unless he learns it from his peers. That in itself is a rare case though. Growing up and becoming a mature adult is a part of life that has to be experienced and learned in order to enjoy all aspects of life.If a person does not go through the harsh world of work and responsibility, then they may never know the true worth of happiness and bliss and freedom. In the bigger picture of the world and the universe, if we do not grow up and become hard working adults, it may not matter. The strong will survive inevitably and the immature and weak will not. People may get away with not following Peck’s rules of discipline throughout their lives and they may be happy, but they will not know the meaning of a hard day’s work which is one of the best feelings of accomplishment a human can have.